Three excavations in the village of I‘billin (Areas A–C) yielded 13 occupation layers, dating from Iron Age IIB to the Ottoman period. The remains from the Early and Middle Roman periods (Strata X–IX) include a ritual bath (miqweh) and an underground hiding complex, indicating that a Jewish settlement existed at the site. The Byzantine period (Stratum VII) is represented by architectural remains, as well as by imported bowls from Phoenicia, Cyprus and North Africa. Of special note is an ashlar engraved with the tree of life, which was found in secondary use in a Mamluk-period floor.