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‘Atiqot 111 (2023)
ISBN 2948-040X
A Ravelin Outwork Uncovered in the Ottoman Fortifications of the Old City of ‘Akko
(pp. 407-445)
Joppe Gosker
Keywords: Acre, Ottoman period, Galilee, fortifications, Al Jazzâr Pasha, Louis XIV
A small salvage excavation in ‘Akko exposed the remains of a previously unknown ravelin outwork in the counterscarp of the Ottoman-period fortifications—a previously unknown military feature—which cut through earlier Crusader and Hellenistic layers. Ravelins are known components of city fortifications in Europe from the late sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, continuing in use in the nineteenth century. In ‘Akko, it seems that the construction of the ravelin was not completed.