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'Atiqot 88 (2017)
EISSN 2948-040X
Front Matter
Atiqot 88
Keywords: Front Matter
Table of content's in Hebrew and in English
An Intermediate Bronze Age Presence at Tel Yizra‘’el
(with a contribution by Ofer Marder and Howard Smithline)
(pp. 1–16)
Howard Smithline
Keywords: Jezreel Valley, northern ceramic group, bone, stone, Khirbet Kerak Ware
Excavations on the eastern slope of Tel Yizra‘’el, near the spring of ‘En Yizra‘’el, revealed two periods, represented mainly by ceramic finds: the Intermediate Bronze Age, and, to a lesser extent, Early Bronze Age III. The discovery of an Intermediate Bronze Age habitation at Tel Yizra‘’el fills a lacuna in the Intermediate Bronze Age settlement pattern on the western foothills of Mt. Gilboa, at the south–central approach to the Jezreel Valley.
Intermediate and Middle Bronze Age Burial Cave 900 in Nahal Refa’im, Jerusalem
(pp. 17–32)
Shlomit Weksler-Bdolah
Keywords: burial, cemetery, primary burial, secondary burial, burial goods, physical anthropology, archaeozoology, ceremony
Burial Cave 900 in Nahal Refa’im, Jerusalem, exposed two main burial phases: the early phase dated to the Intermediate Bronze Age and the later, to Middle Bronze Age II. The finds from the Intermediate Bronze Age layer included the bones of a single individual and several pottery vessels. Above this layer were two MB II burial levels: the early level included the remains of 12 individuals, attesting to a multiple burial, and the later level comprised seven burial groups, each representing the secondary burial of one individual and his personal items, as well as animal bones.
Pottery and Small Finds from Burial Cave 900 in Nahal Refa’im, Jerusalem
(pp. 33–67)
Lilly Gershuny
Keywords: burial, cemetery, burial goods, typology, petrography, archaeozoology, decorative styles, Anatolian pottery
A total of 107 pottery vessels were discovered in the cave, dating from the Intermediate Bronze Age and Middle Bronze Age II. The Intermediate Bronze Age assemblage was found in situ and as such, is an important contribution to the study of this period in greater Jerusalem. The finds from this period include jars, a four-spouted lamp and a stopper. The MB II pottery includes piriform juglets, globular bowls, jugs, store jars and dipper juglets. Three unique specimens were found: an unusually decorated Tell el-Yahudiyeh juglet; a ring flask—the earliest of its kind in Canaan; and an intact bull-shaped rython. The small finds comprise metal daggers, toggle pins and rings/earrings, stone pommels, a whetstone, a bone bead and a single scarab.
Petrographic Analysis of Seven Vessels from Middle Bronze Age Burial Cave 900 in Nahal Refa’im, Jerusalem
(pp. 69–70)
Anat Cohen-Weinberger
Keywords: burial, cemetery, burial goods, petrography, geology
Seven Middle Bronze Age II vessels from Cave 900 were analyzed. They were divided into two petrographic groups: Group 1, which included a bowl and a ring flask, and Group 2, which included two Tell el-Yahudiyeh juglets, a jug and a juglet; the rhyton can be related to either of the two groups. The raw materials of both groups are available near the site.
The Scarab from Burial Cave 900 in Nahal Refa’im, Jerusalem
(pp. 71–72)
Daphna Ben-Tor
Keywords: burial, cemetery, burial goods, glyptics, Egypt, typology
The offerings in Burial Cave 900 included one glazed steatite scarab, which originated in the lower Middle Bronze Age II burial level. Its design is not attested on any known example; however, it displays characteristics indicating it is a local Canaanite production.
The Anthropological Remains from Burial Cave 900 in Nahal Refa’im, Jerusalem
(pp. 73–74)
Yossi Nagar
Keywords: burial, cemetery, physical anthropology
Human skeletal remains dating to the Intermediate Bronze Age and Middle Bronze Age II were exposed in Burial Cave 900. The MB II burials were found in two superposed levels. Despite the fragmentary nature of the bones, children and adults of both sexes were identified.
The Archaeozoology of Bronze Age Offerings from Burial Cave 900 in Nahal Refa’im, Jerusalem
(pp. 75–100)
Liora Kolska Horwitz
Keywords: burial, cemetery, butchery marks, ceremony, economy
The animal remains recovered during the salvage excavations in Cave 900 were interspersed among human skeletal remains, ceramics, weapons and ornaments. It is apparent that the faunal remains represent exclusively domestic sheep (Ovis aries) and goat (Capra hircus) that were slaughtered as part of Bronze Age mortuary rituals. This assemblage provides additional evidence for the widespread nature of the funeral feast in both the Intermediate Bronze Age and Middle Bronze Age IIB.
A Cache of Iron Quarrying Tools from Excavations near Jerusalem’s Third Wall
(Hebrew, pp. 1*–8*; English summary, pp. 153–154)
Shlomit Weksler-Bdolah
Keywords: Second Temple period, quarry, technology, stone cutting
A group of quarrying tools was recovered from Area B of the Third Wall excavations, approximately 400 m northwest of Damascus Gate, Jerusalem. The tools were found side-by-side, one atop the other, and therefore, seem to be part of a stonemason’s tool kit. Among the tools are splitting wedges and wedge slats. This is the first time that so large a group of ancient quarrying tools has been exposed in situ in an archaeological excavation. The tools were probably used in a quarry dating to the Second Temple period.
A Church and Agricultural Installations South of Moshav Ha-Bonim
(Hebrew, pp. 9*–42*; English summary, pp. 155–156)
Uzi ‘Ad
Keywords: Byzantine period, rural area, basilica, agricultural installations, tombs, architectural elements, winepress, industry, economy, Christianity
Three areas (A–C) were excavated, comprising four occupation layers dating from the first–second centuries CE, the third–fourth centuries CE, the fifth century CE and the seventh–eighth centuries CE. A trefoil-apsed church dating to the fifth century CE was exposed in Area B. The apse was built over a crypt that most probably contained the remains of martyrs or saints. The finds recovered from the church include pottery, glass, coins, marble fragments of a table and columns, attesting that it was in use until the Muslim conquest of the country in the seventh century CE. In Area A, complex winepresses, quarries and fence walls were exposed, pointing to the agricultural nature of the area.
Decorated Entablature and Liturgical Elements from Moshav Ha-Bonim
(Pp. 101–106)
Peter Gendelman
Keywords: Byzantine period, Late Antique, church, architectural furniture, craftsmen, cross
Several fragments of decorated entablature and liturgical elements were uncovered within the ecclesiastical complex at Moshav Ha-Bonim. Most of the fragments were discarded into a cistern near the southern aisle of the church. Several limestone cornice fragments were found, as well as a marble spiral-fluted column, a limestone pinecone-shaped finial, a limestone chancel screen, a marble rectangular offering altar and a marble sigma table top. These were all probably originally part of the furnishings of the nearby church.
The Glass Finds from Moshav Ha-Bonim
(pp. 107–112)
Tamar Winter
Keywords: Late Roman, early Byzantine, Umayyad, local manufacture, workshop, raw glass, glass production, furnace debris
The excavation yielded some 300 glass fragments, about 120 of which were diagnostic. The glass finds from the Byzantine church in Area B included bowls, beakers, wineglasses, bottles, a lamp and a fragment of a quadrangular windowpane. Glass-production debris was found in Area A, dating to the Roman and early Byzantine periods.
The Coins from Moshav Ha-Bonim
(pp. 113–114)
Robert Kool
Keywords: numismatics, economy, provincial city mints, Roman military
Eight coins were unearthed at Moshav Ha-Bonim. Three of the identified coins originated in a significant archaeological context: a bronze
nummus
of Constantine I and two Byzantine-period coins. Noteworthy is a quasi-autonomous bronze coin that was minted at the ancient port city of Dora under Roman rule.
The Northeastern Fringes of Yafo (Jaffa) in Light of the Excavations on Jerusalem Boulevard and Its Vicinity
(with contributions by Peter Gendelman, Alexander Glick)
(Hebrew, pp. 43*–70*; English summary, pp. 157–158)
Eriola Jakoel and Jenny Marcus
Keywords: Jaffa, historical maps, photographs, British Mandate, numismatics, city plan, infrastructure
Excavations in the northeastern part of Yafo exposed a massive wall from the Hellenistic period, which might have been part of a farmstead. The pottery, metal artifacts and numismatic finds from this period indicate that the occupants were wealthy and maintained trade contacts. The most prominent finds date to the late Ottoman period (nineteenth–mid-twentieth centuries CE), including the remains of seven buildings, a road, seven built cesspits and an underground drainage system. The late Ottoman remains attest to extensive development of the area at a time when there was a flourishing trade in citrus fruit and the city’s population reached its peak.
Ottoman Pottery and Glass Bracelets from Yafo (Jaffa), Jerusalem Boulevard and Its Vicinity
(pp. 115–129)
Anna de Vincenz
Keywords: Jaffa, Late Ottoman period, history of manufacture, factory, typology, Ottoman Empire, production center, kiln, local production, Turkey, Greece, England, France, Germany
The Ottoman-period pottery uncovered on Jerusalem Boulevard in Yafo includes well-known types, dating from the seventeenth to the nineteenth centuries CE. These include hard paste and porcelain vessels, glazed vessels such as Didymoteicho and Çanakkale Wares, and coarse-ware vessels such as Gaza Ware and other local wares. Imitations of Chinese porcelain were observed, such as the use of transfer-printing technique and Sponge Ware. Also found were a Meissen coffee cup, clay pipes of the chibouk type, narghile heads, floor tiles and glass bracelets, typical of the Ottoman period. The numerous imported vessels in the assemblage correlate with the status of Yafo as a port city.
Glass Vessels from Yafo (Jaffa), Jerusalem Boulevard and Its Vicinity
(pp. 131–133)
Brigitte Ouahnouna
Keywords: Jaffa, mass production, labels, inscriptions, Gelle Freres, factory, Europe, France
The excavations on Jerusalem Boulevard in Yafo yielded about 40 glass objects. The major finds are medicine bottles, medical ampules and cosmetic or perfume containers, dating from the end of the nineteenth to the first half of the twentieth centuries (British Mandate). Inscriptions on the bottles indicate that there existed a pharmacy on-site. This glass repertoire highlights an aspect of daily life in Palestine at the beginning of the twentieth century.
The Coins from Yafo (Jaffa), Jerusalem Boulevard and Its Vicinity
(pp. 135–141)
Robert Kool
Keywords: Jaffa, numismatics, overstrikes, Eastern empire, imitations, Ottoman empire, Europe
The coin finds from Jerusalem Boulevard in Yafo represent a wide chronological range, from the second century BCE to the early years of the State of Israel, reflecting the city’s long and multiple-layered history. Among the coins were two Seleucid-period small bronzes; a single
prutah
from the Roman period; three Byzantine-period coins—a small pre-reform copper
nummus
, a post-reform
nummus
and a
follis
; Ummayad post-reform coppers; two medieval silver coins—one of them is a square-cut
dirham
; and five Late Ottoman currencies, including a gold 10 franc coin of Napoleon III and a pierced 5 Milliemes.
Remains from the Byzantine, Early Islamic, Crusader and Ottoman Periods in the “Ganor Compound,” Yafo (Jaffa)
(with contributions by Amir Golani, Robert Kool, Moshe Sade)
(Hebrew, pp. 71*–83*; English summary, pp. 159–160)
Eriola Jakoel
Keywords: Jaffa, Kingdom of Jerusalem, numismatics, pottery, glass, animal bones, historical sources, pilgrim journeys
Excavations on the eastern fringes of Tel Yafo unearthed finds dating from the Hellenistic, Byzantine, Early Islamic, Crusader and Ottoman periods. From the Hellenistic period, a bronze coin of Ptolemy II was found. From the Byzantine period, occupation layers were exposed that contained potsherds, glass tesserae and glass industrial waste. During the Islamic period, the area was used for industrial and agricultural purposes. In the Crusader period (the late eleventh–twelfth and the thirteenth centuries CE), organized street networks, public buildings and dwellings, as well as a well-developed industry, were exposed. Yafo was reoccupied in the Ottoman period (seventeenth century CE), and by the nineteenth century, public buildings, hostels, shops and streets were constructed. The finds from the excavation included pottery and glass, mainly dating to the Early Islamic and Crusader periods.
Pottery from the “Ganor Compound,” Yafo (Jaffa)
(Hebrew, pp. 85*–96*; English summary, p. 161)
Aviva Bouchenino and Eriola Jakoel
Keywords: Jaffa, typology, trade
Excavations in the “Ganor Compound” in Yafo exposed potsherds from the Early Islamic (eighth–eleventh centuries CE) to the end of the Crusader (twelfth–thirteenth centuries CE) periods. The Early Islamic pottery includes glazed bowls, kraters, a cooking pot, a jar, jugs and amphoriskoi; a stone-bowl handle was also found. The ceramic assemblage from the Crusader period consists of two main groups: local and imported vessels. The local pottery includes glazed and unglazed bowls, a krater, cooking pots, frying pans, a table amphora, jugs, a juglet and oil lamps. The imported vessels attest to flourishing trade between the city port of Yafo and the Byzantine Empire, the Principality of Antioch, Cyprus, the Aegean Sea, and possibly, Egypt.
Glass Vessels and Glass-Production Remains from the “Ganor Compound” in Yafo (Jaffa)
(pp. 143–151)
Yael Gorin-Rosen
Keywords: Jaffa, Islamic period, Abbasid, Fatimid, tableware, primary production, secondary production, glassmaking, local workshop
A typical group of Crusader glass vessels was found in the “Ganor Compound” in Yafo, as well as a single bottle from the late tenth and early eleventh centuries CE. The Crusader glass mainly includes beakers and bottles of common types. Remains of glass production were also found: small chunks of raw glass, a small glass drop and remains of bricks, walls or floors of the furnaces; these could belong to either primary or secondary production stages. It seems that most of the vessels were locally made.
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